REFINING LIVELIHOODS AND SUSTAINABILITY: SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONFLICTS IN MANGROVE CHARCOAL PRODUCTION OF BATU AMPAR, WEST KALIMANTAN

Abstract

This paper examines the socio-economic and environmental conflicts arising from conventional mangrove charcoal production in Batu Ampar Village, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan. For decades, mangrove charcoal has been the primary source of livelihood for rural communities in the area. However, the recent tightening of conservation enforcement has resulted in vessel seizures and widespread protests. This study aims to analyze the intricate interplay between economic dependence, regulatory constraints, and sustainability imperatives. A qualitative descriptive method was employed through field observations, semi-structured interviews with producers, community leaders, and local authorities, as well as an analysis of relevant policy documents. Findings indicate that insufficient dissemination of legal frameworks and the lack of viable economic alternatives have exacerbated community resistance and economic vulnerability. Moreover, inadequate institutional support and unclear licensing pathways hinder the transition toward sustainable resource management. The study recommends an integrated approach that includes capacity building for community-based mangrove stewardship, diversification of rural incomes through silvofisheries and ecotourism, and regulatory reforms to harmonize conservation objectives with local livelihoods. These findings highlight the urgent need for ethical and participatory strategies that balance environmental preservation with socio-economic justice.