Violation of Women’s Rights: The Kawin Magrib Tradition of the Sasak Muslim Community in Lombok, Indonesia

Keywords: Women’s Rights, Customary Law, Kawin Magrib Tradition, Forced Marriage, Indonesia

Abstract

This article investigates violations of women’s rights stemming from the practice of kawin magrib, a form of forced marriage, within the Sasak Muslim community in Lombok, Indonesia. Despite its inherently gender-discriminatory nature, the kawin magrib tradition remains a fundamental aspect of Sasak Muslims’ identity and societal structure. Employing a socio-legal approach and conducting in-depth interviews with nine key informants, this study delves into the persistent reasons behind this tradition and its repercussions on women’s rights. The authors found that the primary objective of kawin magrib is to uphold the moral standards of the younger generation within religious norms. However, the profound adverse effects on women cannot be disregarded. This article highlights the severe psychological trauma endured by women due to this customary law and the potential for men to exploit this tradition deceptively, marrying women without genuine consent. Based on these findings, the article underscores the urgent necessity of reforming this practice, with a strong focus on safeguarding women’s rights and promoting gender equality.

References

A. Sasak Traditional Figure in Lombok, January 8, 2023.

A Submission to the UN Office of the High Commissioner on, Human Rights, and OCHCR. “Child, Early and Forced Marriage: A Multi-Country Study.” Women Living Under Muslim Laws, December 15, 2013. http://rochelleterman.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/UN-report-final-Forced-Marraige-Dec-2013.pdf.

AS. Sasak Muslim Community in Lombok, January 15, 2023.

Asplund, Knut D., Suparman Marzuki, and Eko Riyadi, Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Yogyakarta: PUSHAM UII, 2008.

Bembot, Laurensius, and Donatus Sermada. “Tradisi Kawin Tangkap di Sumba, NTT Perspektif Filsafat Moral Emmanuel Kant.” SAGACITY: Journal of Theology and Christian Education 3, no. 1 (2022): 70–78. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/8W29U.

Budiwanti, Erni. Islam Sasak: Wetu Telu versus Waktu Lima. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2000.

Bukido, Rosdalina, Nurlaila Harun, Edi Gunawan, and Rahman Mantu. “Harmonization of Customary and Islamic Law in the Gama Tradition of the Muslim Mongondow Comunity of North Sulawesi.” Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 22, no. 2 (2022): 239–54. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v22i2.239-254.

Chantler, Khatidja, and Melanie McCarry. “Forced Marriage, Coercive Control, and Conducive Contexts: The Experiences of Women in Scotland.” Violence Against Women 26, no. 1 (2020): 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801219830234.

Critelli, Filomena M. “Between Law and Custom: Women, Family Law and Marriage in Pakistan.” Journal of Comparative Family Studies 43, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 673–93. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.43.5.673.

D. Sasak Muslim Community in Lombok, January 18, 2023.

Dashti, Ali A., T. Kenn Gaither, Ali Al-Kandari, Husain A. Murad, Talal M. Almutari, and Rawan Alqahtani. “Woman’s Activism as Public Relations in a Patriarchal Society: The Case of Kuwait.” Public Relations Review 49, no. 4 (November 2023): 102350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102350.

Dinas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, Pemerintahan Desa, Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil. “Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama.” Accessed February 2, 2023. https://data.ntbprov.go.id/dataset/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama.

Doko, Elanda Welhelmina, I Made Suwitra, and Diah gayatry Sudibya. “Tradisi Kawin Tangkap (Piti Rambang) Suku Sumba di Nusa Tenggara Timur.” Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 2, no. 3 (2021): 656–60. https://doi.org/10.22225/jkh.2.3.3674.656-660.

Dzuhayatin, Siti Ruhaini. “Gender Glass Ceilling in Indonesia: Manifestation, Roots, and Theological Breakthrough.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 58, no. 1 (2020): 209–40.

Ferme, Mariane C. “Forced Marriage and Sexual Enslavement: Debating Consent, Custom, and the Law at the Special Court for Sierra Leone.” In Out of War, 218–36, 2018.

Gul, Rizwan, Mian Muhammad Saleem, and Abdus Samad Khan. “Gurdianship in Forced Marriages.” The Law, no. 1, (2021): 11–20.

H. Sasak Muslim Community in Lombok, December 13, 2022.

———. Sasak Traditional Figure in Lombok, January 4, 2023.

I. Women Victims of the Kawin Magrib Tradition in Lombok, February 4, 2023.

IDN TIMES NTB. “Dikawinkan Saat Telat Pulang Jadi Pemicu Pernikahan Dini NTB.” Accessed January 25, 2023. https://ntb.idntimes.com/news/ntb/muhammad-nasir-18/dikawinkan-saat-telat-pulang-jadi-pemicu-pernikahan-dini-di-ntb.

Irwan, Irwan, Ahmad Kaerul Kholidi, Adi Faizun, Taufik Wayudi, and Tia Noviana. “Pengabdian pada Masyarakat Penyuluhan Pencegahan Perkawinan Usia Dini di Desa Beber Lombok Tengah.” J-Abdi: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 9 (2023): 6039–44. https://doi.org/10.53625/jabdi.v2i9.4778.

Israpil. “Budaya Partriarki dan Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan (Sejarah dan Perkembangannya).” Jurnal Pusaka 5, no. 2 (2017): 141–50. https://doi.org/10.31969/pusaka.v5i2.176.

Jain, Neha. “Forced Marriage as a Crime against Humanity Problems of Definition and Prosecution.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 6, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 1013–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqn064.

Jamaludin, Jamaludin, and Arif Sugitanata. “Tradisi Ngorek pada Upacara Nyongkolan Perkawinan Adat Sasak Tanak Awu.” Al-Hukama’ 10, no. 2 (2020): 319–48. https://doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2020.10.2.319-348.

Kathleen M Maloney. “Ending Impunity for Forced Marriage in Conflict Zones: The Need for Greater Judicial Emphasis on the Human Rights of Girls.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 19, no. 2 (2021): 327–58.

Kelen, Konradus Doni. “Kawin Tangkap di Sumba dan Ketidakadilan Gender.” Jurnal IDEAS 8, no. 2 (2022): 625–32. https://doi.org/10.32884/ideas.v8i2.795.

Kiye, Mikano Emmanuel. “Conflict Between Customary Law and Human Rights in Cameroon: The Role of the Courts in Fostering an Equitably Gendered Society.” African Study Monographs 36, no. 2 (2015): 75–100. https://doi.org/10.25330/233.

Kodir, Faqihuddin Abdul. 60 Hadits Shahih Khusus tentang Hak-Hak Perempuan dalam Islam Dilengkapi Penafsirannya. Yogyakarta: Diva Press, 2019.

“Law No. 12 of 2022 concerning Sexual Violence Crime.”

“Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.”

Lukman, Lalu. Pulau Lombok dalam Sejarah: Ditinjau dari Aspek Budaya. Mataram: t.p, 2005.

M. Sasak Muslim Community in Lombok, January 16, 2023.

Muhammad, Husein. Fiqh Seksualitas: Risalah Islam untuk Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Seksualitas. Jakarta, Indonesia: Perkumpulan Keluarga Berencana Indonesia, 2011.

Muhdi, Muhdi. “Kawin Tangkap Perspektif Maqashid al-Syari’ah dan Undang-Undang Positif.” SHAKHSIYAH BURHANIYAH: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 5, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 127–42. https://doi.org/10.33752/sbjphi.v5i2.1635.

National Commission on Violence against Women. “Instrumen Modul & Referensi Pemantauan.” Accessed January 28, 2023. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/instrumen-modul-referensi-pemantauan-detail/15-bentuk-kekerasan-seksual-sebuah-pengenalan.

———. “Siaran Pers Komnas Perempuan tentang Perkawinan Anak Merupakan Praktik Berbahaya (Harmful Practice) yang Menghambat Indonesia Emas 2045,” August 3, 2021. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-detail/siaran-pers-komnas-perempuan-tentang-perkawinan-anak-merupakan-praktik-berbahaya-harmful-practice-yang-menghambat-indonesia-emas-2045-3-agustus-2021.

O. Women Victims of the Kawin Magrib Tradition in Lombok, January 12, 2023.

O’Brien, Melanie. “Gender Dimensions of Forced Marriage in International Criminal Law.” In Gender and International Criminal Law, edited by Indira Rosenthal, Valerie Oosterveld, and Susana SáCouto, 1st ed., 207. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022.

OHCHR. “Child and Forced Marriage, Including in Humanitarian Settings.” OHCHR. Accessed February 24, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/child-and-forced-marriage-including-humanitarian-settings.

———. “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York.” OHCHR, December 18, 1979. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women.

Panjaitan, Junifer Dame, Rachmad Safa’at, Lucky Endrawati, and Faizin Sulistio. “Forced Marriage in the Bride-Napping Case in Sumba-East Nusa Tenggara Linked with Positive Law in Indonesia.” Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 22, no. 3 (December 29, 2022): 632–46. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.jdh.2022.22.3.3220.

Parween, Reyal Haizana, Perera Manuja Niranshi, and Guruge Duminda. “Community Perceptions on Intimate Partner Violance: A Qualitative Study From Sri Langka.” Asia-Pasific Journal of Public Health 35, no. 2–3 (2023): 121–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395231152949.

Pusat Kajian Wanita dan Gender. Hak-Hak Perempuan: Instrumen Hukum untuk Mewujudkan Keadilan Gender. Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2004.

S. Women Victims of the Kawin Magrib Tradition in Lombok, January 28, 2023.

Sabbe, Alexia, Karima El Boujaddayni, Marleen Temmerman, and Els Leye. “Marriage and Migration: Moroccan Women’s Views on Partner Choice, Arranged and Forced Marriage in Belgium.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 20, no. 4 (2019): 1097–1120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-018-00646-9.

Sa’dan, Masthuriyah. “Menakar Tradisi Kawin Paksa di Madura dengan Barometer HAM.” Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam 14, no. 2 (July 7, 2015): 143–56. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2015.142.143-156.

Salam, Solicin. Lombok Pulau Perawan, Sejarah dan Masa Depannya. Jakarta: Kuning MAS, 1992.

Sirnopati, Retno. “Agama Lokal Pribumi Sasak (Menelusuri Jejak ‘Islam Wetu Telu’ di Lombok).” Tsaqofah: Jurnal Agama dan Budaya 19, no. 2 (2021): 103–12.

Smith, Deborah J. “Decisions, Desires and Diversity: Marriage Practices in Afghanistan.” Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Issues Paper Series. The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, February 9, 2009. https://areu.org.af/publication/905/.

Subeitan, Syahrul Mubarak. “Forced Marriage: Implementation of the Mandatory Provisions of the Bride ‘ s Consent in Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Syari’ah 21, no. 1 (2022): 81.

Sugitanata, Arif. “Larangan Adat Nyongkolan dalam Perkawinan Masyarakat Sasak Lendang Beso pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 13, no. 1 (2020): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2020.13107.

Sugitanata, Arif, Siti Aminah, and Ahmad Muhasim. “Living Law and Women Empowerment: Weaving Skills as Marriage Requirement in Sade, West Nusa Tenggara.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 15, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 145. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2022.15108.

Sugitanata, Arif, Suud Sarim Karimullah, and Heru Sunardi. “Hukum Perkawinan di Masyarakat Sasak Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat (Analisis Produk Hukum Perkawinan Masyarakat Sasak Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat).” JAKSYA: The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Law and Civil Law 4, no. 1 (2023): 19–39. https://doi.org/10.51675/jaksya.v4i1.344.

Sugitanata, Arif, Suud Sarim Karimullah. “Implementasi Hukum Keluarga Islam pada Undang-Undang Perkawinan di Indonesia Mengenai Hak Memilih Pasangan bagi Perempuan.” SETARA: Jurnal Studi Gender dan Anak 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–14.

Syofyan, Ahmad. “Perlindungan Hak-Hak Masyarakat Adat Menurut Hukum Internasional.” Fiat Justitia Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 6, no. 2 (2012): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v6no2.326.

Tekkas Kerman, Kader, and Patricia Betrus. “Violence Against Women in Turkey: A Social Ecological Framework of Determinants and Prevention Strategies.” Trauma, Violence, and Abuse 21, no. 3 (2020): 510–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018781104.

Wadesango, Newman, Symphorosa Rembe, and Owence Chabaya. “Violation of Women’s Rights by Harmful Traditional Practices.” The Anthropologist 13, no. 2 (2017): 121–29.

Watch, Kelompok Kerja Convention. Hak-Hak Perempuan: Instrumen Hukum untuk Mewujudkan Keadilan Gender. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2007.

Zakaria, Fath. Mozaik Budaya Orang Mataram. Mataram: Yayasan Sumurmas Al-Hamidy, 1998.

Published
2023-08-27
How to Cite
Sugitanata, Arif, Siti Aminah, Heru Sunardi, and Siti Khamidatus Sholikhah. 2023. “Violation of Women’s Rights: The Kawin Magrib Tradition of the Sasak Muslim Community in Lombok, Indonesia”. Journal of Islamic Law 4 (2), 197-217. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v4i2.1772.