Knitting Reciprocity and Communality: Countering the Privatization of Family in Bimanese Muslim Local Marriage of Eastern Indonesia
Abstract
This article aims to introduce two distinctive forms of marriage recognized by Bimanese Muslims in West Nusa Tenggara, nika taho (good marriage) and nika iha (bad marriage), to outline how traditional marriages demonstrate the value of reciprocity and collectiveness. Arranging marriage (parental choice) and love marriage (self-choice), two types of marriage generally known in the existing literature, are both practiced by the Bimanese with additional essential requirements: getting permission from parents and relatives and giving consent by the couple to be. Based on ethnographic research conducted in 2017, a series of visits in 2021-2022, and the theory of marriage as “a sequence, place-based, practical actions” by Catherine Allerton, this article argues that marriage for the Bimanese is a meeting point of private intimacy and public activity (rawi rasa), which necessitates public interest in fostering the well-being of the family. This article underlines the interdependence of privacy and the social values of family and marriage lives, which is significant in countering a current state of affairs called the privatization of family, which is simultaneously practiced by the Bimanese along with the communality of marriage tradition. This opposite trend, unfortunately, is often used as a reason to reject the transformation and reform of family laws that emphasize public interests, such as the maturation of the age of marriage and the elimination of domestic violence against women. This article suggests that the value of communality and interconnectedness should go both ways, with public affairs influencing the institution of marriage and supporting families to fulfill their functions, while families accept and perform their social responsibilities in realizing the public good.
[Artikel ini memperkenalkan dua bentuk pernikahan yang dipraktikkan oleh masyarakat Muslim Bima di Nusa Tenggara Barat: nika taho (pernikahan yang baik) dan nika iha (pernikahan yang buruk), untuk menunjukkan nilai-nilai kesalingan dan kolektivitas dalam tradisi pernikahan mereka. Baik perjodohan (pilihan orang tua) maupun pernikahan atas dasar cinta (pilihan sendiri), seperti yang biasa dibahas dalam literatur, dipraktikkan oleh Muslim Bima dengan menambah dua persyaratan yang esensial: mendapatkan izin dari orang tua dan kerabat dan menerima persetujuan dari pasangan yang akan menikah. Berdasarkan penelitian etnografi yang dilakukan pada tahun 2017, serangkaian kunjungan pada tahun 2021-2022, dan merujuk teori Catherine Allerton tentang pernikahan sebagai “rangkaian tindakan praktis berbasis tempat”, artikel ini berargumen bahwa pernikahan bagi Muslim Bima berfungsi sebagai titik temu antara keintiman privat dan aktivitas publik (rawi rasa), di mana kepentingan publik diperlukan untuk mendukung kebaikan bagi keluarga. Artikel ini menggarisbawahi saling ketergantungan antara nilai privasi dan sosial dalam konteks keluarga dan pernikahan, yang berfungsi signifikan dalam melawan tren privatisasi keluarga dewasa ini. Tren privatisasi, walaupun masih dipraktikkan bersamaan dengan komunalitas pada sisi tertentu dari tradisi pernikahan, sering dijadikan sebagai alasan untuk menolak transformasi dan reformasi hukum keluarga yang menekankan kepentingan publik, seperti menaikkan usia legal pernikahan dan penghapusan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga terhadap perempuan. Artikel ini menyarankan agar nilai-nilai komunalitas dan kesalingan harus berjalan dua arah: urusan publik selayaknya mempengaruhi institusi pernikahan dan mendukung keluarga dalam memenuhi fungsinya, sementara keluarga sepatutnya menerima dan menjalankan tanggung jawab sosial mereka dalam mewujudkan kebaikan publik.]
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