Facing the Kaʿbah from Java in the Eighteenth Century: ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-Fālimbānī’s Thought on the Qibla and Mosque Orientation in the Malay Archipelago
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v7i1.4752Keywords:
ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-Fālimbānī, Islamic Astronomy, Jāwī Scholars, Malay Archipelago, Mosque Orientation, Qibla DirectionAbstract
Debates among Muslim scholars over the qibla in the eighteenth-century Malay Archipelago were not merely concerned with astronomical accuracy but also with the authority of Islamic law to validate the ritual practices of Muslim communities located far from Mecca. This article examines ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-Fālimbānī’s conception of the qibla as articulated in Sayr al-Sālikīn and explores its legal significance for the orientation of mosques in Java and the broader Malay world. Methodologically, the study employs a qualitative historical approach based on textual analysis, combined with Teun A. van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis to examine the text, social cognition, and social context underlying al-Fālimbānī’s legal reasoning. The findings show that ʿAbd al-Ṣamad adopted the concept of jihat al-Kaʿbah, drawing on Imām al-Ghazālī, so that the obligation to face the qibla for Muslims living far from Mecca was understood as facing the general direction of the Kaʿbah on the basis of ẓann (probable judgment), rather than requiring absolute precision toward the ʿayn al-Kaʿbah. This framework enabled him to validate the westward orientation of mosque miḥrābs (prayer niches) in Java while still acknowledging the superiority of ʿilm al-falak (Islamic astronomy) as a more precise method of determination. In contrast to the dominant tendency among Jāwī scholars of his time to privilege geometric precision in line with mainstream Shāfiʿī doctrine, ʿAbd al-Ṣamad articulated a juristic model that reconciled scriptural normativity, scientific reasoning, and social reality. The article argues that his thought offers an important socio-legal framework for understanding how Islamic law mediated between legal orthodoxy, scientific knowledge, and local religious practice in early modern Southeast Asia.
[Perdebatan para ulama lokal mengenai arah kiblat di Kepulauan Melayu pada abad ke-18 tidak hanya berkaitan dengan akurasi astronomis, tetapi juga menyangkut otoritas hukum Islam dalam memvalidasi praktik ibadah komunitas muslim yang secara geografis berada jauh dari Makkah. Artikel ini menganalisis konsepsi kiblat dalam pemikiran ʿAbd al-Ṣamad al-Fālimbānī sebagaimana tertuang dalam Sayr al-Sālikīn, serta mengkaji signifikansi hukumnya terhadap orientasi masjid-masjid di Jawa dan dunia Melayu secara lebih luas. Secara metodologis, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif historis berbasis analisis teks, yang dipadukan dengan kerangka critical discourse analysis dari Teun A. van Dijk untuk menelaah dimensi teks, kognisi sosial, dan konteks sosial dalam konstruksi penalaran hukumnya. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ʿAbd al-Ṣamad mengadopsi konsep jihat al-Kaʿbah dengan merujuk pada pemikiran Imam al-Ghazali, sehingga kewajiban menghadap kiblat bagi umat Islam yang berada jauh dari Makkah dipahami sebagai orientasi ke arah umum Kaʿbah berdasarkan dugaan kuat (ẓann), bukan sebagai tuntutan presisi absolut menuju ʿayn al-Kaʿbah. Kerangka ini memungkinkannya untuk melegitimasi orientasi mihrab masjid-masjid di Jawa yang menghadap ke barat, sekaligus tetap mengakui keunggulan ilmu falak sebagai metode yang lebih presisi. Berbeda dengan kecenderungan dominan ulama-ulama Jawi pada masanya yang menekankan presisi geometris sesuai dengan doktrin arus utama mazhab Shāfiʿī, ʿAbd al-Ṣamad merumuskan suatu model penalaran yuridis yang mempertemukan normativitas skriptural, rasionalitas ilmiah, dan realitas sosial. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa pemikirannya menawarkan kerangka sosio-legal yang penting untuk memahami bagaimana hukum Islam memediasi antara ortodoksi hukum, pengetahuan ilmiah, dan praktik keagamaan lokal di Asia Tenggara awal modern.]
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