Articles

Digital Fatwas and the Reproduction of Salafi Authority: Islamic Legal Reasoning on Women in Indonesia

, , ,
Published: 2026-08-22 Pages: 304-327 DOI10.24260/jil.v7i2.4471

Abstract

The development of digital media has transformed how religious authority is produced, disseminated, and legitimized in contemporary Muslim societies. In this context, online fatwa platforms have become important spaces for producing and disseminating Islamic legal knowledge. Although scholarship on digital fatwas, Salafism, and women’s fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) has expanded, limited attention has been given to how digital fatwas reproduce religious authority through legal reasoning. This article examines how KonsultasiSyariah.com (KS) reproduces Salafi authority through fatwas on women. It employs a qualitative approach based on content analysis of fatwas on women published between 2009 and 2019, complemented by interviews, observations, and documentary research. The findings show that the conservative tendency of KS’s fatwas cannot be attributed solely to ideological affiliation with Salafism or proximity to the Ḥanbalī school of law. Instead, this tendency is produced through three interrelated mechanisms: privileging transnational Salafi scholarly authorities, employing text-centered legal reasoning grounded in textual authenticity, and reconfiguring the diversity of fiqh opinions into a more uniform normative framework concerning women. Digital fatwas, therefore, function not only as a means of providing Islamic legal answers but also as mechanisms for constructing and reproducing religious authority, determining which sources of knowledge are regarded as legitimate, and defining the boundaries of female piety. This study contributes to scholarship on digital Islam, Islamic law, and Salafism by demonstrating that conservatism in digital fatwas should be understood not only through the substantive content of legal rulings but also through the epistemic mechanisms by which Salafi authority is produced, legitimized, and normalized in digital spaces.

[Perkembangan media digital telah mengubah cara otoritas keagamaan diproduksi, disebarkan, dan dilegitimasi dalam masyarakat muslim kontemporer. Dalam konteks tersebut, platform fatwa daring menjadi salah satu ruang penting bagi produksi dan penyebaran pengetahuan hukum Islam. Meskipun kajian mengenai fatwa digital, Salafisme, dan fikih perempuan telah berkembang, perhatian terhadap bagaimana fatwa digital mereproduksi otoritas keagamaan melalui penalaran hukum masih relatif terbatas. Artikel ini menganalisis bagaimana KonsultasiSyariah.com (KS) mereproduksi otoritas Salafi melalui fatwa mengenai perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif berdasarkan analisis isi terhadap fatwa mengenai perempuan yang dipublikasikan sepanjang 2009–2019, yang dilengkapi dengan wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecenderungan konservatif dalam fatwa KS tidak dapat semata-mata dijelaskan oleh afiliasi ideologis terhadap Salafisme atau kedekatannya dengan mazhab Hanbali. Sebaliknya, kecenderungan tersebut terbentuk melalui tiga mekanisme yang saling berkaitan, yaitu pengutamaan otoritas ulama Salafi transnasional, penggunaan penalaran hukum yang berpusat pada teks dan bertumpu pada keautentikan dalil, serta rekonfigurasi keragaman pendapat fikih ke dalam kerangka normatif yang lebih seragam mengenai perempuan. Dengan demikian, fatwa digital tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai sarana pemberian jawaban hukum Islam, tetapi juga sebagai mekanisme untuk membentuk dan mereproduksi otoritas keagamaan, menentukan sumber pengetahuan yang dipandang sah, serta menetapkan batas-batas kesalehan perempuan. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada kajian Islam digital, hukum Islam, dan Salafisme dengan menunjukkan bahwa konservatisme dalam fatwa digital perlu dipahami bukan hanya melalui substansi putusan hukumnya, tetapi juga melalui mekanisme epistemik yang memungkinkan otoritas Salafi diproduksi, dilegitimasi, dan dinormalisasi di ruang digital.]

Keywords

Digital Fatwas Salafism Epistemic Authority Islamic Legal Reasoning Women’s Fiqh

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Information

Issue: Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Islamic Law

Copyright

Copyright (c) 2026 Mayyadah, Abdul Syatar, Alfa Syahriar, M Zainul Hafizi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

References

Abdullah bin Baz Official Website. “Hal Ṣalāt al-Marʾah Takhtalif ʿan Ṣalāt al-Rajul?” Accessed August 7, 2025. https://binbaz.org.sa/fatwas/17736/هل-صلاة-المراة-تختلف-عن-صلاة-الرجل.
Abubakar, Fatum, Euis Nurlaelawati, and Ahmad Bunyan Wahib. “Interpreting ‘Bulugh’: Enhancement of Women’s Right through Management of Marriage within Salafi Community in Wirokerten Yogyakarta.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 12, no. 1 (June 2022): 139–63. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v12i1.139-163.
Adel, Samiullah, and Muhammad Numan. “Online Fatwas in Pakistan Using Social Networking Platforms.” Ulumuna 27, no. 1 (June 2023): 201–26. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v27i1.689.
Ahmad, Jafar, Ade Putra Hayat, and Mahmud Hibatul Wafi. “Pragmatism of Doctrine: Salafi Political Discourse in Digital Spaces.” Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences 46, no. 3 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2025.46.3.36.
Ahmad, Maghfur, Siti Mumun Muniroh, and Shinta Nurani. “Niqab, Protest Movement, and the Salafization of Indonesian Islam.” QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 9, no. 2 (December 2021): 423–62. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v9i2.8195.
Ahmad, Md Mokhter, and Imām Muḥammad b. Idrīs al- Shāfiʿī. “Reviewing Imām Al-Shāfiʿī’s Tafsīr Āyāt al-Aḥkām for Developing Principles of Contemporary Tafsīr Literature.” IIUC Studies (Research Journal of the International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC)) 10–11, no. December (2014): 9–38.
Ahmad, Nehaluddin, Hjh Hanan binti Dato Haji Abdul Aziz, and Siti Nurdiyanah binti Edirahman. “Religious Freedom and the Hijab Controversy: A Human Rights Perspective.” Manchester Journal of Transnational Islamic Law and Practice 18, no. 1 (2022): 30–51.
Aidulsyah, F. “The Rise of Urban Salafism in Indonesia: The Social-Media and Pop Culture of New Indonesian Islamic Youth.” Asian Journal of Social Science 51, no. 4 (December 2023): 252–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajss.2023.07.003.
Ali, Abdelhalim Mohamed Mansour, and Muhammad Ahmad Ibrahim Aljahsh. “The Proliferation of Anomalous Digital Fatwas: A Critical Examination of Jurisprudential Challenges and Societal Impacts in the Digital Age.” AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 25, no. 1 (December 2025): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v25i1.37905.
Ali, Shaheen Sardar. “Cyberspace as Emerging Muslim Discursive Space? Online Fatawa on Women and Gender Relations and Its Impact on Muslim Family Law Norms.” International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 24, no. 3 (October 2010): 338–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebq008.
Āmidī, Sayf al-Dīn. Al-Iḥkām fī Uṣūl al-Aḥkām. Bairut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997.
ANB. “Hukum Darah yang Keluar sebelum Melahirkan.” KonsultasiSyariah.com, October 5, 2016. https://KonsultasiSyariah.com/28415-hukum-darah-yang-keluar-sebelum-melahirkan.html.
———. “Shalat Wanita = Shalat Lelaki.” KonsultasiSyariah.com, October 26, 2011. https://KonsultasiSyariah.com/8254-samakah-cara-salat-laki-laki-dan-perempuan.html.
Anggraini, Chika Praska, Darul Akbar, and M. Fijar Ishlahul Ummah. “Women’s Leadership in Islamic Law: Between Normative Foundations and Contemporary Realities.” Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies 3, no. 1 (July 2024): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17366381.
AR. “Ketika Wanita Dibolehkan Bercadar Hanya Ketika Telah Menikah?” KonsultasiSyariah.com, November 20, 2010. https://KonsultasiSyariah.com/3229-cadar-setelah-menikah.html.
Asmara, Musda, Rahadian Kurniawan, Wahyu Abdul Jafar, and Anggoro Sugeng. “Trendy Veil: Law, Function, and Its Stigma on Muslim Society.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 22, no. 2 (2023): 245–57. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v22i2.8609.
Atallah, Fouad Ahmed. “Digital Mediation and Fatwa Authority in Contemporary Islam: A Critical Islamic Legal and Media-Theoretical Framework.” Religions 17, no. 3 (March 2026): 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17030350.
Bykov, Andrey, Mehrubon Ashurov, and Khatiya Khutuashvili. “Secular Law and the Niqab Issue: Analysis of the Face Covering Ban as a Measure to Prevent Islamic Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus.” Politics and Religion Journal 18, no. 2 (2024): 407–27. https://doi.org/10.54561/prj1802407b.
Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. “Indivisibilité, Sécurité, Laïcité: The French Ban on the Burqa and the Niqab.” French Politics 20, no. 1 (March 2022): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41253-021-00164-8.
DS, Muhammad Ridha, Afridawati Afridawati, Nuzul Iskandar, and Mursal Mursal. “Mapping the National Insight of the Salafi Group in Indonesia Based on Their Fatwa on Social Media.” Al-’Adalah 21, no. 2 (2024): 245–70. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v21i2.19098.
Falah, Mohammad Bachrul, and Riyanta Riyanta. “Digital Patriarchy: How Indonesian Islamic Preachers Construct Gender Asymmetry through YouTube Fatwas.” Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 18, no. 1 (June 2025): 103–22. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2025.18106.
Farida, Norma Azmi, and Zainal Abidin. “Husein Jafar Al-Hadar’s Islam Mazhab Cinta: Meaning and Media Analysis of Instagram Content @husein_hadar.” International Journal of Islamic Khazanah 14, no. 2 (December 2024): 143–55. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijik.v14i2.31151.
Fauzi, Muhammad Latif, Imam Mustofa, Ibnu Akbar Maliki, and Faiz Husaini. “The Digital Minbar: Repositioning Religious Authority and the Dynamics of Islamic Law in Contemporary Egypt’s Virtual Landscape.” MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review 5, no. 1 (January 2026): 178–209. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v5i1.11109.
Hamim, Khairul, Lalu Supriadi Bin Mujib, and Ahmad Muhasim. “Religious Fatwā and Human Security: Managing Public Health through the Lens of Islamic Jurisprudence in Indonesia and Saudi Arabia.” Khazanah Hukum 6, no. 3 (December 2024): 234–50. https://doi.org/10.15575/kh.v6i3.40478.
Hanafiah, Muhammad, Anwar Hafidzi, Wardatun Nadhiroh, Moh Iqbal Assyauqi, Muhammad Zainal Abidin, Musyarrafah Sulaiman Kurdi, and Yokke Andini. “Islamic Perspective on Students Wearing a Burqa at Universities in Indonesia: Results from a Survey at Three Universities.” Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research 7, no. 4 (November 2019): 251–60. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2019.7.4.251.
Ḥanbal, Aḥmad ibn. Musnad Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. Vol. 1. Bairut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2001.
Haq, Rana. “Hijab, Niqab, Veil.” In Elgar Encyclopedia on Gender in Management, edited by Jean Helms Mills, Albert J. Mills, Kristin S. Williams, and Regine Bendl, 236–39. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2025. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781803922065.ch73.
Harun, Nurlaila, Nasruddin Yusuf, Jumanah Jumanah, Susi Fitria Dewi, Meysella Al Firdha Hanim, and Muhammad Ikhsan Magribi. “Revisiting Nafaqah Iddah for Women in Court Decisions: Evidence from Muslim-Majority Legal Systems.” Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah dan Masyarakat 26, no. 1 (June 2026): 111–31. https://doi.org/10.19109/nurani.v26i1.33600.
Hasan, Noorhaidi. “Between Transnational Interest and Domestic Politics: Understanding Middle Eastern Fatwās on Jihad in the Moluccas.” Islamic Law and Society 12, no. 1 (2005): 73–92. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568519053123885.
———. “The Failure of the Wahhabi Campaign: Transnational Islam and the Salafi Madrasa in Post-9/11 Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 18, no. 4 (December 2010): 675–705. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2010.0015.
Hayat, Muhammad Jihadul. “Preaching Islamic Legal Rules on Screen: Conservatism on Islamic Family Law in Digital-Based Dakwah Program Mamah dan Aa Beraksi.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 60, no. 2 (November 2022): 427–66. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.602.427-466.
Heep, Stefan. “Conspiracy Narratives and Religious Legitimation in Digital Politics: A Cross-Case Analysis of State-Linked Discoursesd the Success of Autocracy.” Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya 9, no. 3 (December 2025): 237–56. https://doi.org/10.15575/rjsalb.v9i3.45193.
Hermawan, Wawan, Mohammad Rindu Fajar Islamy, Baidhillah Riyadhi, and Kamaludin Kamaludin. “DNA Testing and Nafyu Al-Nasab: A Comparative Study of Ali Jum’ah’s Fatwa and Its Socio-Legal Implications in Global Jurisdictions.” Khazanah Hukum 8, no. 2 (May 2026): 243–58. https://doi.org/10.15575/kh.v8i2.52785.
Hidayati, Laily, and Rosdiana. “Keabsahan Akad Digital dalam Fintech Syariah: Perspektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Perlindungan Data.” Selaparang: Journal of Law Studies 1, no. 1 (February 2026): 20–25.
Hidayati, Tri Wahyu, Siti Robikah, Muhyar Fanani, and Ahmad Baha. “From Doctrine to Domestic Resilience: The Lived Meaning of Mīṡāqan Ghalīẓan among Salafi Families.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 20, no. 1 (May 2026): 99–114. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v20i1.15475.
Ibn Qudāmah. Al-Mughnī. Vol. 1. Cairo: Dār ʿĀlam al-Kutub li-al-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1997.
Islam-QA. “Al-Ikhtilāf bayna al-Zawjayn fī al-Masāʾil al-Khilāfiyyah.” February 8, 2007. https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/97125/الاختلاف بين الزوجين في المسائل الخلافية.
Kasdi, Abdurrohman, Umma Farida, Miftahul Huda, Akmal Fawwaz Aulia Rahman, and Ahmad Dakhoir. “Fatwa and Religious Authority: Islamic Law, Social Media Ethics and Digital Age.” Al-Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum 11, no. 1 (March 2026): 56–66. https://doi.org/10.22515/alahkam.v11i1.10755.
Kenney, Jeffrey T. “SALAFĪS: Past to Present, Present to Past.” In Routledge Handbook on Early Islam, edited by Herbert Berg, 274–95. Taylor and Francis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315743462-17.
Khushyt, Muḥammad. Fiqh al-Nisāʾ. Cairo: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1994.
Konsultasi Syariah. “Haruskah Istri Mengikuti Pendapat Fikih yang Dipegang oleh Suami?” KonsultasiSyariah.com, 2019. https://KonsultasiSyariah.com/35745-haruskah-istri-mengikuti-pendapat-fikih-yang-dipegang-suami.html.
Lövheim, Mia. “Gender and Agency in Digital Religion.” In The Oxford Handbook of Digital Religion, edited by Heidi A. Campbell, Pauline Hope Cheong, Heidi A. Campbell, and Pauline Hope Cheong, 237–53. Oxford University Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197549803.013.12.
Makruf, Jamhari, and Saifudin Asrori. “In the Making of Salafi-Based Islamic Schools in Indonesia.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 60, no. 1 (June 2022): 227–64. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2022.601.227-264.
Mardāwī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn. Al-Inṣāf fī Maʿrifat al-Rājiḥ min al-Khilāf ʿalā Madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 1955.
Marhumah, Marhumah, Iffah Khoiriyatul Muyyassaroh, and Rosalia Sciortino. “Public Expressions of Religion among Yogyakarta’s Salafi Muslimah.” KARSA Journal of Social and Islamic Culture 32, no. 2 (December 2024): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v32i2.15440.
Marhumah, Iffah Khoiriyatul Muyyassaroh, and Rosalia Sciortino. “Negotiating Living Hadith in Public Spaces: The Case of Salafi Muslimah Religious Study Groups in Yogyakarta.” Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Hadis 26, no. 1 (March 2025): 131–58. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.v26i1.5715.
Mayyadah, Jusmiati, and Muhammad Zakin bin Husain. “Psychological or Theological Dynamics of Students Who Wear Cadar at Islamic Universities in Indonesia.” Mazahibuna: Jurnal Perbandingan Mazhab 6, no. 1 (June 2024): 48–64. https://doi.org/10.24252/mazahibuna.vi.45657.
Meijer, Roel. “Global Salafism.” In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, 1–5. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470674871.wbespm567.
Mualimin, Mustafa Oztunc, Aytekin Isman, Ari Yunaldi, Sri Sudono Saliro, Anton Widodo, and Nana Abdul Aziz. “Are Fatwas Visible on New Media? Dissemination of the Fatwas of the Indonesian Ulama Council on Instagram.” El-Mashlahah 15, no. 1 (June 2025): 21–40. https://doi.org/10.23971/el-mashlahah.v15i1.7879.
Muhtar, Amin, Pujiono, Wilnan Fatahillah, Tajudeen Sani, and Naser Ali Abdulghani. “Digital Khulʿ and Algorithmic Mediation in Indonesia’s e-Court: Redefining Female Agency in Islamic Family Law.” Islamic Law and Social Issues in Society 2, no. 1 (April 2026): 109–29. https://doi.org/10.64929/ilsiis.v2i1.28.
Nasir, Nur Syahirah Mohammad, Muhammad Shahrul Ifwat Ishak, Mohd Sufian Moktar, Kauthar Razali, and Mohamad Muhaymein Ahmed Zawawi. “Local Muftis Dealing Approach to Married Women’s Issues Embracing Islam Without Their Husbands in the United Kingdom.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 25, no. 1 (June 2025): 107–20. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v25i1.1813.
Nazah, Farida Nurun, Wirda Garizahaq, Dwi Nur Fauziah Ahmad, Restia Gustiana, and Hashim Balas. “Reforming Islamic Family Justice: Integrating Legal and Psychological Perspectives in Handling Polygamy and Divorce Cases in Indonesia.” Nusantara: Journal of Law Studies 5, no. 2 (August 2026): 1226–59. https://doi.org/10.66325/nusantaralaw.v5i2.290.
Nisa, Eva F. “Internet and Muslim Women.” In Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives, edited by Ronald Lukens-Bull and Mark Woodward, 1023–41. Springer, Cham, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32626-5_71.
Nonaka, Yo. “Practising Sunnah for Reward of Heaven in the Afterlife: The Expansion of Cadar Wearing among Urban Muslim Women in Indonesia.” Indonesia and the Malay World 49, no. 145 (September 2021): 429–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2021.1952018.
Nugroho, Bambang Husni, Ahmad Mustaniruddin, and Ahmad Taufik. “Ideological Contestation on the Production of Gender Exegesis within Institutional Quranic Interpretation in Indonesia.” Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an dan Hadis 25, no. 2 (October 2024): 346–69. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.v25i2.5388.
Nurgat, Yahya. “Menstruation and the Ṭawāf Al-Ifāḍa: A Study of ibn Taymiyya’s Landmark Ruling of Permissibility.” Hawwa 20, no. 3 (February 2020): 256–75. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-BJA10001.
Omar, Norasimah Haji, and Mazlan Ibrahim. “Evaluation of Muslim Scholars on the Method of Interpretations of Verses on Divine Attributes by Contemporary Salafi School.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 16 (2019): 98–107. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.16.2019.009.
Piela, Anna. “Muslim Women’s Online Discussions of Gender Relations in Islam.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 30, no. 3 (September 2010): 425–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2010.515827.
“Profil Yufid Network.” KonsultasiSyariah.com, July 8, 2022. https://KonsultasiSyariah.com/profil-yufid-network.
Purkon, Arip, Moh Ali Wafa, Abu Tamrin, and Mohd Hafiz Jamaludin. “Between Text, Technology and Context: Contemporary Ijtihād in the Interpretation of Islamic Legal Sources in the Digital Age.” Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (July 2026): 134–52. https://doi.org/10.30659/jua.v9i2.51851.
Putra, D. I. Ansusa, Sayuti Sayuti, and Rahimin Affandi Abdul Rahim. “Inconsistency of Salafi’s Bid’ah Concept: Shifting the Quran-Hadis Law Consideration During Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia.” Al-Risalah: Forum Kajian Hukum dan Sosial Kemasyarakatan 24, no. 1 (June 2024): 116–34. https://doi.org/10.30631/alrisalah.v24i1.1523.
Raya, Moch. Khafidz Fuad. “Digital Islam: New Space for Authority and Religious Commodification among Islamic Preachers in Contemporary Indonesia.” Contemporary Islam 19, no. 1 (April 2025): 161–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-024-00570-z.
Rusli, R. “Progressive Salafism in Online Fatwa.” Al-Jami’ah 52, no. 1 (2014): 205–29. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.205-229.
Salim, Salinayanti, Siti Nasuha Singki, Yusriadi, and Mohd Sham Kamis. “Modern Platforms for Timeless Principles: Sharia-Based ‘Aurah Norms on TikTok.” JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah) 25, no. 1 (February 2026): 29–40. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v25i1.16145.
Saparudin, Saparudin, and Emawati Emawati. “Ideological Framing, Mosques, and Conflict: Bargaining Position of Salafi Movement in Lombok, East Indonesia.” Journal of Al-Tamaddun 18, no. 1 (June 2023): 231–44. https://doi.org/10.22452/JAT.vol18no1.19.
Sarwan, Sarwan, Meirison Meirison, Awis Karni, Kamaruzaman Yusoff, and Badlihisham Bin Mohd Nasir. “Romanticism in Salafi Da’wah: A Cultural and Historical Perspective from West Sumatra, Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun 13, no. 1 (January 2025): 177–98. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v13i1.1373.
Shaham, Ron. “Debates on the Diya (Blood Money): Contemporary Juristic Discourse and Women’s Rights.” Hawwa 19, no. 2 (2019): 129–58. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341351.
Suharto, Toto. “Transnational Islamic Education in Indonesia: An Ideological Perspective.” Contemporary Islam 12, no. 2 (July 2018): 101–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-017-0409-3.
Sunesti, Yuyun, Noorhaidi Hasan, and Muhammad Najib Azca. “The Sunnah Lake of Muslimah: Salafi Women, the Manhaj and Online Media.” Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews 6, no. 3 (2018): 67–71. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2018.6310.
Suwarjin, Iim Fahimah, M. Aziz Zakiruddin, and Bariah Safrut. “The Concept of Nationhood and the Implementation of Hadith on Nationalism in the Salafi Perspective: A Critical Study of Contemporary Islamic Law.” MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review 3, no. 2 (December 2024): 432–58. https://doi.org/10.32332/milrev.v3i2.9865.
Tabti, Samira. “The Charisma of Script: The Quran and the Hadith in Neo-Salafi Online Community.” Journal of Religion in Europe 12, no. 2 (2020): 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1163/18748929-01202005.
Tratzi, Christian. “Saudi Arabia and Daʿwa Mission: The Role of Muslim World League and Islamic University of Medina in Spreading Wahhabi-Salafi Doctrine in the 1960s.” Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 35, no. 2 (July 2024): 168–78. https://doi.org/10.5209/anqe.95420.
Ťupek, Pavel, and Ondřej Beránek. “Monotheism of the Divine Names and Attributes as a Defining Criterion of Salafism.” Die Welt Des Islams 66, no. 1 (2026): 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700607-20240035.
ʿUthaymīn, Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ ibn. Sharḥ Al-Mumtiʿ. Vol. 3. Riyadh: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, n.d.
Wafi, Mahmud Hibatul, Mega Hidayati, and Sunyoto Usman. “The Reproduction of Salafism in the Online Ecosystem: Strengthening of Indonesian Salafi Groups.” Multidisciplinary Science Journal 8, no. 2 (2026): 2026128–2026128. https://doi.org/10.31893/multiscience.2026128.
Wahid, Soleh Hasan. “Research Insights on Online Fatwas. A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review.” Journal of Fatwa Management and Research 29, no. 1 (January 2024): 23–46. https://doi.org/10.33102/jfatwa.vol29no1.570.
Wahid, Soleh Hasan, and Syahid Abdulloh. “Digital Islamic Authority: A Revolutionary Shift or Mere Hype? A Systematic Review.” SN Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (February 2026): 62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-026-01328-5.
Weismann, Itzchak. “The Controversy over the Law Schools (Lā Madhhabiyya) in Twentieth-Century Syria.” Islamic Law and Society 31, no. 4 (2024): 403–30. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685195-bja10054.
Wijaya, Aksin, Ahmad Zainal Abidin, and Muh Syaifudin. “State-Sponsored Qur’anic Exegesis and Interreligious Relations: A Comparative Study of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia.” Ascarya: Journal of Islamic Science, Culture, and Social Studies 5, no. 2 (December 2025): 280–92. https://doi.org/10.53754/iscs.v5i2.854.
Zaidah, Yusna, and Raihanah Abdullah. “The Relevance of Ihdad Regulations as a Sign of Mourning and Human Rights Restriction.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 2 (June 2024): 422–48. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.229.
Zamhari, Arif, Muhamad Ibtissam Han, and Zulkifli Zulkifli. “Traditional Religious Authorities in New Media: Cariustadz.Id Platform as An Alternative Cyber Fatwa and Da’wah Media among the Middle-Class Urban Muslims.” AHKAM: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21, no. 1 (June 2021): 65–88. https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v21i1.20300.
Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. Al-Fiqh al-Islāmī wa Adillatuhu. Vol. 2. Bairut: Dār al-Fikr, 2008.

How to Cite

“Digital Fatwas and the Reproduction of Salafi Authority: Islamic Legal Reasoning on Women in Indonesia”. 2026. Journal of Islamic Law 7 (2): 304-27. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v7i2.4471.