Articles

Policing Islamic Orthodoxy: Classificatory Authority and the Institutional Translation of Majelis Ulama Indonesia Fatwas

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Published: 2026-08-31 Pages: 399-431 DOI10.24260/jil.v7i2.5336

Abstract

Fatwas issued by the Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) are not formally binding as state law. However, in practice, they delineate the boundaries of Islamic orthodoxy and generate social and administrative consequences. While previous studies have examined MUI’s authority and the politics of orthodoxy at the national level, less attention has been given to how theological classifications produced by regional MUI boards generate varying consequences across different local contexts. This article examines how regional MUI boards exercise classificatory authority over teachings deemed deviant and the mechanisms through which such classifications produce effects beyond the fatwa-issuing institution. Drawing on a qualitative comparative case study of five fatwas issued by the MUI provincial boards in North Sulawesi and North Sumatra, the study combines documentary analysis with semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork from May to September 2024. Employing the concepts of symbolic power and classificatory authority, the article finds that MUI engages in Islamic creed policing through processes of identification, investigation, clarification, normative classification, and correction of teachings positioned outside the boundaries of orthodoxy. This practice is predominantly protective-consolidative in North Sulawesi and protective-legitimative in North Sumatra. These variations, however, cannot be explained by majority-minority demographics alone. Rather, they emerge from the interaction of case-specific characteristics, MUI-state relations, and local institutional networks. The article argues that the regulatory significance of fatwas lies less in their formal legal force than in MUI’s symbolic authority to produce classifications recognized as authoritative and, through institutional translation, capable of generating governance effects without becoming state law.

[Fatwa yang diterbitkan oleh Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) secara formal tidak memiliki daya ikat sebagaimana hukum negara. Namun, dalam praktiknya, fatwa tersebut menentukan batas-batas ortodoksi Islam dan menghasilkan konsekuensi sosial maupun administratif. Meskipun studi terdahulu telah mengkaji otoritas MUI dan politik ortodoksi pada tingkat nasional, masih terbatas perhatian terhadap bagaimana klasifikasi teologis yang dihasilkan oleh MUI daerah menimbulkan konsekuensi yang beragam dalam konteks lokal yang berbeda. Artikel ini mengkaji bagaimana MUI daerah menjalankan otoritas klasifikasi terhadap ajaran yang dinilai menyimpang dan mekanisme melalui mana klasifikasi tersebut menghasilkan efek di luar lembaga penerbit fatwa. Dengan menggunakan studi kasus komparatif kualitatif terhadap lima fatwa yang diterbitkan oleh MUI tingkat provinsi di Sulawesi Utara dan Sumatera Utara, penelitian ini menggabungkan analisis dokumen dengan wawancara semi-terstruktur yang dilakukan selama penelitian lapangan pada Mei hingga September 2024. Dengan menggunakan konsep kekuasaan simbolik dan otoritas klasifikasi, artikel ini menemukan bahwa MUI menjalankan pengawasan terhadap akidah Islam melalui proses identifikasi, investigasi, klarifikasi, klasifikasi normatif, dan koreksi terhadap ajaran yang ditempatkan di luar batas-batas ortodoksi. Praktik ini secara dominan bersifat protektif-konsolidatif di Sulawesi Utara dan protektif-legitimatif di Sumatera Utara. Namun, variasi tersebut tidak dapat dijelaskan semata-mata oleh konfigurasi demografis mayoritas-minoritas. Sebaliknya, variasi tersebut muncul dari interaksi antara karakteristik spesifik kasus, relasi MUI-negara, dan jaringan institusional lokal. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa signifikansi regulatif fatwa tidak terutama terletak pada kekuatan hukum formalnya, melainkan pada otoritas simbolik MUI untuk menghasilkan klasifikasi yang diakui sebagai otoritatif dan, melalui translasi institusional, mampu menghasilkan efek tata kelola tanpa harus menjadi hukum negara.]

Keywords

Classificatory Authority Deviant Sect Fatwa Institutional Translation Islamic Orthodoxy Majelis Ulama Indonesia

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Issue: Vol. 7 No. 2 (2026): Journal of Islamic Law

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Copyright (c) 2026 Nasruddin Yusuf, Ridwan Jamal, Faradila Hasan, Misbahul Munir Makka, Imamuddin

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How to Cite

“Policing Islamic Orthodoxy: Classificatory Authority and the Institutional Translation of Majelis Ulama Indonesia Fatwas”. 2026. Journal of Islamic Law 7 (2): 399-431. https://doi.org/10.24260/jil.v7i2.5336.